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To varying degrees, the effects of government policy, the aftermath of Gulf War and the sanctions regime have been blamed for these conditions. The effects of the sanctions on the civilian population of Iraq have been disputed. Iraqi cooperation with UN weapons inspection teams was questioned on several occasions during the s.
The team returned in December. The same month, US President Bill Clinton authorized air strikes on government targets and military facilities. Air strikes against military facilities and alleged WMD sites continued into Post-invasion insurgency — Sectarian violence — Insurgency — After the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington in the United States in were linked to the group formed by the multi-millionaire Saudi Osama bin Laden , American foreign policy began to call for the removal of the Ba'ath government in Iraq.
Neoconservative think-tanks in Washington had for years been urging regime change in Baghdad. This law stated that it "should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and to promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime. American president George W. The Iraqi government rejected Bush's assertions. A team of U. The United States and the United Kingdom charged that Iraq was hiding WMD and opposed the team's requests for more time to further investigate the matter.
Resolution was passed unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 8, , offering Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous UN resolutions, threatening "serious consequences" if the obligations were not fulfilled.
In , after the American and British invasion, Iraq was occupied by Coalition forces. On May 23, , the UN Security Council unanimously approved a resolution lifting all economic sanctions against Iraq. As the country struggled to rebuild after three wars and a decade of sanctions, it was plagued by violence between a growing Iraqi insurgency and occupation forces.
Saddam Hussein, who vanished in April, was captured on December 13, Negroponte was the last US interim administrator and left Iraq in A parliamentary election was held in January , followed by the drafting and ratification of a constitution and a further parliamentary election in December Terrorism emerged as a threat to Iraq's people not long after the invasion of Al Qaeda now had a presence in the country, in the form of several terrorist groups formerly led by Abu Musab Al Zarqawi. Al-Zarqawi was a Jordanian militant Islamist who ran a militant training camp in Afghanistan. He became known after going to Iraq and being responsible for a series of bombings, beheadings and attacks during the Iraq war.
Al-zarqawi was killed on June 7, Many foreign fighters and former Ba'ath Party officials also joined the insurgency, which was mainly aimed at attacking American forces and Iraqis who worked with them. The most dangerous insurgent area was the Sunni Triangle , a mostly Sunni-Muslim area just north of Baghdad. Reported acts of violence conducted by an uneasy tapestry of insurgents steadily increased by the end of Analysis of the attack suggested that the Mujahideen Shura Council and Al-Qaeda in Iraq were responsible, and that the motivation was to provoke further violence by outraging the Shia population.
It was formed to resist efforts by the U. Shia militias, some of whom were associated with elements in the Iraq government, reacted with reprisal acts against the Sunni minority. A cycle of violence thus ensued whereby Sunni insurgent attacks were followed reprisals by Shiite militias, often in the form of Shi'ite death squads that sought out and killed Sunnis. Following a surge in U. The U. The departure of US troops from Iraq in triggered a renewed insurgency and by a spillover of the Syrian civil war into Iraq.
By , the insurgency escalated into a state renewed civil war , the central government of Iraq being opposed by various factions, primarily radical Sunni forces. The civil war ended with a government victory in December On 30 April , thousands of protesters entered the Green Zone in Baghdad and occupied the Iraqi parliament building.
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This happened after the Iraqi parliament did not approve new government ministers. The protesters included supporters of Shia cleric Muqtada Al Sadr. Although Iraqi security forces were present, they did not attempt to stop the protesters from entering the parliament building. By , violence in Iraq was at its lowest level in ten years. Protests over deteriorating economic conditions and state corruption started in July in Baghdad and other major Iraqi cities, mainly in the central and southern provinces. The latest nationwide protests, erupting in October , had a death toll of at least 93 people, including police.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Historical development of Iraq.
Torture and Prison Abuse in Iraq
Main articles: Mesopotamia and History of Mesopotamia. See also: Ancient Near East. Main article: Asuristan. Main article: Muslim conquest of Iraq. Prophet Mohammad, — Rashidun Caliphate, — Umayyad Caliphate, — Further information: Seljuk Empire and Siege of Baghdad Main article: 20th century history of Iraq.
Main article: Mandatory Iraq. Further information: Iraqi Republic — Main article: Ba'athist Iraq. Iraq War. Insurgent attacks of the Iraq War. Main article: invasion of Iraq.
ISHM Reference Guide
Main article: History of Iraq — Main article: History of Iraq —present. War in Iraq — Concise Encyclopedia Of World History. Carlos Ramirez-Faria. Retrieved 9 December Oxford University Press US. Hanson's Collection of Mesopotamian Documents". Retrieved 23 November Hause, William S. Maltby Western civilization: a history of European society.
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Thomson Wadsworth. The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BCE by immigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite.
Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population.
Allsen Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia , p. The Mongols. After his mentor was gunned down outside a police station, he finally made the difficult choice to flee Iraq. Alminshid, 29, his mentor Amjad Aldhamat and several other activists had attended a meeting with police to discuss a planned protest in their hometown of Amara in southern Iraq during some of the most deadly anti-government unrest that swept Iraq last year. As Aldhamat walked out, gunmen sped past in a car with tinted windows and no licence plates and shot him dead.
Alminshid left the country five days later. It was one of dozens of targeted killings that have pushed more and more young Iraqi civil society activists, rights workers and journalists to flee what they say is a continuing onslaught by militia groups. Rights groups say the departure of people whose activities range from educating Iraqis about their right to vote to leading protests against perceived abuses has further weakened civil society movements that have been active for decades.
It has documented at least 39 killings since October , when thousands of Iraqis took to the streets in mass anti-government protests demanding jobs and the departure of the ruling elite which they said was corrupt. The protests toppled former prime minister Adel Abdul Mahdi in December but lost steam after more than people were killed in a crackdown by security forces and unidentified gunmen, and during the COVID pandemic. Reuters spoke to seven activists who fled Iraq in recent months, five of whom said that they were advised by local police to leave because they could not guarantee protection from armed groups.
A military official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said that security forces were often powerless to protect activists from rogue militias, because those groups had powerful political backers whom he did not name.